Solar cell materials form unexpected microstructures
Surface passivation of perovskite crystals with benzylamine creates 2D layer
Recent advances in solar cell technology use polycrystalline perovskite films as the active layer, with an increase to efficiency of as much as 24.2 percent. Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites are especially successful, and they have been used in optoelectronic devices including solar cells, photodetectors, LEDs and lasers.
But the surface of hybrid perovskites is prone to surface defects, or surface traps, where charge carriers are trapped in the semiconducting material. To solve this problem and reduce the number of traps, the crystal surface must be passivated.
Before use, perovskites can be treated with chemical solutions, vapours and atmospheric gases to remove defects that make the material less effective. Benzylamine is one particularly successful molecule for this purpose. A detailed understanding of the physical and chemical mechanisms by which these treatments work is key to increasing the collection of charge carriers in solar cells.
In an article in this week's Applied Physics Reviews, researchers from the University of Groningen (Netherlands) and Martin Luther University (Germany), describe their work testing hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite crystals treated with benzylamine to investigate the mechanisms by which the surface of the crystal is passivated, and traps states are reduced.
"This molecule has been used in polycrystalline fields in solar cells, and people have demonstrated that the solar cells were improved," author Maria A. Loi said. "We wanted to study, in a clean system, why the solar cells were improving and understand why adding this molecule makes the devices better."
The experiments revealed benzylamine enters into the surface of the crystal to create 2D perovskite on the surface of the three-dimensional crystal. Where the 2D version forms and later breaks away from the surface, a terraced etching pattern occurs.
The picture at the top is an electron microscopy image of the strongly restructured crystal surface after treatment by benzylamine. On top of the etched 3D crystal, traces of what appears to be the 2D perovskite can be seen.
"The main purpose was to passivate the surface to reduce defect states," Loi said. "To our surprise, we found out the surface was modified, which was not an expected mechanism. People report that this molecule can improve the quality of devices, but nobody has reported that, in reality, it was creating a two-dimensional layer and could also restructure the material."
The authors also discovered the combination of benzylamine and atmospheric gases is most effective for passivation. That could mean, Loi said, that more than one type of trap state exists. Further investigation of multiple types of trap states could enable precise tuning of the mechanisms involved in preparing crystals for efficient optoelectronic devices.
'Mechanism of surface passivation of methylammonium lead tribromide single crystals by benzylamine' by Herman Duim et al; Applied Physics Reviews July 30, 2019
