A better recipe for Perovskite cells
Rice University materials scientists change ingredients to limit defects and retain efficiency
Rice University scientists believe they've overcome a hurdle keeping perovskite-based solar cells from achieving mainstream use. Using indium to replace some of the lead in perovskites, Rice materials scientist Jun Lou and his colleagues at the Brown School of Engineering say they're better able to engineer the defects in caesium-lead-iodide solar cells that affect the compound's band gap, a critical property in solar cell efficiency.
As a side benefit, the lab's newly formulated cells can be made in open air and last for months rather than days with a solar conversion efficiency slightly above 12 percent. The Rice team's results appear in Advanced Materials.
Perovskites tend to be stressed by light, humidity and heat. Not the Rice perovskites, Lou said. "From our perspective, this is something new and I think it represents an important breakthrough," he said. "This is different from the traditional, mainstream perovskites people have been talking about for ten years -- the inorganic-organic hybrids that give you the highest efficiency so far recorded, about 25 percent. But the issue with that type of material is its instability.
"Engineers are developing capping layers and things to protect those precious, sensitive materials from the environment," Lou said. "But it's hard to make a difference with the intrinsically unstable materials themselves. That's why we set out to do something different."
Rice postdoctoral researcher and lead author Jia Liang and his team built and tested perovskite solar cells of inorganic cesium, lead and iodide, the very cells that tend to fail quickly due to defects. But by adding bromine and indium, the researchers were able to quash defects in the material, raising the efficiency above 12 percent and the voltage to 1.20 volts.
As a bonus, the material proved to be exceptionally stable. The cells were prepared in ambient conditions, standing up to Houston's high humidity, and encapsulated cells remained stable in air for more than two months, far better than the few days that plain caesium-lead-iodide cells lasted.
"The highest efficiency for this material may be about 20 percent, and if we can get there, this can be a commercial product," Liang said. "It has advantages over silicon-based solar cells because synthesis is very cheap, it's solution-based and easy to scale up. Basically, you just spread it on a substrate, let it dry out, and you have your solar cell."
