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Northrop GaAs solar panels assist NASA spacecraft around Mercury
The MESSENGER probe which incorporates gallium arsenide multi-junction solar cells is able to operate in extreme temperatures and will orbit 730 times around Mercury for a year.
Key technologies and hardware developed by Northrop Grumman Corporation gave the first spacecraft to orbit Mercury a power system that works to its maximum even in the searing heat that surrounds the planet closest to the sun.
The solar cells and electrical harness for the MESSENGER spacecraft were built by Northrop Grumman
The solar array on NASA's MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft features advanced triple-junction GaAs solar cells and an electrical harness developed and qualified for this mission by Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems.
The company also perfected a fully robotic welding process to assemble the photovoltaic cells before they were bonded to the solar array panel. The work was done under the pressure of meeting a launch window that was so tight that missing it would have meant a year-long wait until the next launch opportunity.
"When it launched in 2004, MESSENGER was the first Northrop Grumman program to use these advanced solar cells, electrical designs and welding processes that now are the baseline for all our major programs, including the James Webb Space Telescope and the Defence Weather Satellite System," said Tim Frei, vice president, system enhancements and product applications for Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems. "Our depth of talent and the processes we developed enabled us to perfect the technology needed for spacecraft to perform under very harsh conditions."
Solar array performance is critical – if it fails, so does the mission. Two single-sided solar panels are MESSENGER's main source of electrical power. They are two-thirds mirrors and one-third solar cells. The mirrors reflect the sun's energy and keep the panels cooler. The panels also rotate away from the sun to get the required power and maintain an operating temperature of about 300 F.
Since its launch, MESSENGER has completed one swing past Earth, two Venus flybys and three Mercury flybys. By using the gravity of each planet to gain speed and alter its trajectory, MESSENGER was able to conserve the fuel it will need during its mission orbiting a planet that is only 29 million miles from the sun, about two thirds closer to the sun than Earth. At Mercury's equator, surface temperatures become hot enough to melt lead. The spacecraft's fast, elliptical orbit allows it to approach Mercury, gather data and swing out far into space to cool down.
MESSENGER is a NASA Discovery program spacecraft designed and built by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Md. The probe completed a six-and-a-half-year journey prior to its March 17 insertion into orbit around the planet closest to our sun. MESSENGER will orbit 730 times around Mercury for a year.
