Hybrid crystal opens new frontiers for high-efficiency lighting
University of Toronto researchers combine materials to create new light-emitting crystal
Above: Glowing quantum dot seamlessly integrated into a perovskite crystal matrix
Researchers at Toronto University have designed a way to embed colloidal quantum dots into perovskite to create a new platform for LED technology. The work is published in the journal Nature on July 15, 2015.
"It's a pretty novel idea to blend together these two optoelectronic materials, both of which are gaining a lot of traction," says Xiwen Gong, one of the study's lead authors and a PhD candidate working with Ted Sargent. "We wanted to take advantage of the benefits of both by combining them seamlessly in a solid-state matrix."
The result is a black crystal that relies on the perovskite matrix to 'funnel' electrons into the quantum dots, which are extremely efficient at converting electricity to light. Hyper-efficient LED technologies could enable applications from the visible-light LED bulbs in every home, to new displays, to gesture recognition using near-infrared wavelengths.
"When you try to jam two different crystals together, they often form separate phases without blending smoothly into each other," says Riccardo Comin, a post-doctoral fellow in the Sargent Group. "We had to design a new strategy to convince these two components to forget about their differences and to rather intermix into forming a unique crystalline entity."
The main challenge was making the orientation of the two crystal structures line up, called heteroexpitaxy. To achieve heteroepitaxy, Gong, Comin and their team engineered a way to connect the atomic 'ends' of the two crystalline structures so that they aligned smoothly, without defects forming at the seams. "We started by building a nano-scale scaffolding 'shell' around the quantum dots in solution, then grew the perovskite crystal around that shell so the two faces aligned," explained coauthor Zhijun Ning, who contributed to the work while a post-doctoral fellow at Toronto and is now a faculty member at ShanghaiTech.
The resulting heterogeneous material is the basis for a new family of highly energy-efficient near-infrared LEDs. Infrared LEDs can be harnessed for improved night-vision technology, to better biomedical imaging, to high-speed telecommunications.
Combining the two materials in this way also solves the problem of self-absorption, which occurs when a substance partly re-absorbs the same spectrum of energy that it emits, with a net efficiency loss. "These dots in perovskite don't suffer reabsorption, because the emission of the dots doesn't overlap with the absorption spectrum of the perovskite," explains Comin.
Gong, Comin and the team deliberately designed their material to be compatible with solution-processing, so it could be readily integrated with the most inexpensive and commercially practical ways of manufacturing solar film and devices. Their next step is to build and test the hardware to capitalize on the concept they have proven with this work.
"We're going to build the LED device and try to beat the record power efficiency reported in the literature," says Gong.
