In the coming years, lithography, plasma etching, PECVD & PVD tools will also experience an upheaval

According to the report, "LED Front-End Manufacturing", by Yole Développement,to be published on 16th July, the packaged LED market still presents significant opportunities for growth in the next 5 years, but is expected to saturate in value by the end of the decade.

Driven by MOCVD reactors, the equipment market experienced an unprecedented investment cycle in the 2010-2011 period. The cycle was driven by demand in LCD backlight displays, anticipation of the general lighting market and generous subsidies offered by the Chinese central and local governments in a bid to stimulate the domestic chip production and create world leading chip companies.

This has resulted in a significant overcapacity situation that will take 12 to 18 months to absorb. The next investment cycle driven by lighting applications will start in 2013 and will be more limited in value than the previous cycle due to improvements in equipment throughput and yields. The MOCVD equipment market is anticipated to represent a $4.3 billion opportunity in the 2012-2017 period.

Together, lithography, plasma etching, PECVD and PVD tools represent a $650 million opportunity and will essentially follow a similar trend with some exceptions.

The market for dry etching tools is still growing in 2012 due to increasing adoption for PSS (Patterned Sapphire Substrate). The market for most lithography tools will however decrease as the industry transitions to larger diameter substrates and the number of wafer starts initially increases moderately but starts decreasing in 2015.

PVD equipment will also experience moderate growth during the next investment cycle. E-beam evaporators have turned into commodities, with systems available from dozens of vendors at very low cost. But opportunities exist in promoting sputtering for ITO deposition and sputtering could also gain some traction in metal deposition if the industry adopts large diameter wafers and moves from batch to single wafer processing. Sputtering equipment could then offer improved cost of ownership.



To enable massive adoption in general lighting applications, significant technology and manufacturing efficiency improvements are still needed to reduce the cost per lumen of packaged LEDs. Front-End LED manufacturing typically represents about 50% of the total cost of a packaged LED and offers significant opportunities. Continuous progress is being made in terms of LED structures and materials to improve performance, manufacturability or reduce cost.

MOCVD represents the single largest opportunity for front end cost reduction. Downstream, the emergence of LED dedicated tools has already contributed significantly to cost reduction in lithography, plasma and PVD processing.



Traditional large semiconductor equipment suppliers are mostly absent from the LED manufacturing equipment markets. For MOCVD, the tools are very different than the epitaxy tools used in mainstream semiconductor manufacturing. Designing and building such equipment requires significant and unique expertise that Aixtron, Veeco and Tiyo Nippon Sanso, the leading companies in the sector, have acquired through almost 2 decades.

Other front end LED manufacturing tools are similar in essence to those used in mainstream semiconductor production.

For example, Applied Materials, a dominant force in the silicon sector, has been working with imec on the design of an 8" reactor for the growth of GaN-on-Silicon LEDs.

However, as experienced by AMAT, the reactors often require a full redesign in order to deliver optimum performance and cost of ownership for LEDs.

This has opened the door to smaller companies eager to capture the opportunity offered by this niche market. These companies are now offering LED dedicated tools delivering significant COO improvements.



MOCVD is still a key factor in reducing manufacturing costs.

With close to 100 companies involved in front end LED manufacturing, the industry is too fragmented to generate significant economies of scale. Yole expects massive consolidation within the next 3 years (2012-2015) which should eventually speed up process and tool standardisation and allow economy of scale.

LED manufacturing still uses methods that would be considered outdated in most semiconductor industries. Consolidation and emergence of LED “giants” will also facilitate and speed up adoption of manufacturing paradigms coming from the IC industry.

Adoption of silicon substrates for LED manufacturing could speed up those trends by rapidly moving LED epiwafer processing into existing, highly automated and fully depreciated CMOS fabs. This would also give LED makers access to extended “process toolboxes” which could pave the way for entirely new LED structures.